Evidence

Status	Stage
New Updated	Protocol Review

Children with dehydration due to gastroenteritis need to be rehydrated, and this review did not show any important differences between giving fluids orally or intravenously

Chitosan for overweight or obesity

Chondroitin for osteoarthritis

Chromium picolinate supplementation for overweight or obese people

Cinnamon for diabetes mellitus

Co-enzyme Q10 supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease

Coenzyme Q10 for heart failure

Coenzyme Q10 for High Blood Pressure

Combined calcium, magnesium and potassium supplementation for the management of primary hypertension in adults

Combined diet and exercise in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus

Comparision of two techniques for the placement of a feeding tube to the stomach through the skin in an individual who has difficulty swallowing food

Comparison of different protein concentrations of human milk fortifier for promoting growth and neurological development in preterm infants

Concurrent health promotion interventions for preventing cardiovascular disease in low- and middle income countries ("resource-limited settings")

Continuous nasogastric milk feeding versus intermittent bolus milk feeding for preterm infants less than 1500 grams

Continuous versus intermittent bolus feeding for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

Controlling blood glucose in treating diabetic foot ulcers (sores)

Coriolus versicolor mushroom in colorectal cancer

Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections

Creatine for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease

Creatine for Parkinson's disease

Creatine for treating muscle disorders

Creatine for women in pregnancy for neuroprotection of the fetus

Cup feeding versus other forms of supplemental enteral feeding for newborn infants unable to fully breastfeed

Customised versus population-based growth charts as a screening tool for detecting small for gestational age infants in low-risk pregnant women

Cutting back on sugar-sweetened beverages: What works?

Cutting down or changing the fat we eat may reduce our risk of heart disease

Cysteine, cystine or N-acetylcysteine supplementation in parenterally fed neonates

D-mannose (sugar tablets) for preventing or treating urinary tract infections in adults and children

Daily intake of 1 gr dietary calcium may have moderate protective effect on development of colorectal adenomatous polyps

Delayed introduction of progressive enteral feeds to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants

Delivery of nutrition (food) to critically ill adults other than by the person eating and swallowing the food/nutrition

Diet and exercise interventions for preventing excessive weight gain during pregnancy

Diet changes for infant colic

Diet or exercise, or both, for weight reduction in women carrying excess weight after childbirth

Diet, physical activity and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obese adolescents aged 12 to 17 years

Diet, physical activity and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obese children from the age of 6 to 11 years

Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk

Diet, physical activity, and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obesity in preschool children up to the age of 6 years

Dietary advice by dietitians to lower blood cholesterol can be more effective than advice by doctors, but may not be more effective than self-help resources.

Dietary advice during pregnancy to prevent gestational diabetes

Dietary advice for people with schizophrenia

Dietary advice for reducing cardiovascular risk

Dietary advice for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults

Dietary changes in the treatment of Ménière's disease or syndrome

Dietary exclusions for improving established atopic eczema in adults and children

Dietary fibre to prevent cardiovascular disease

Dietary flavonoid for preventing colorectal neoplasms

Dietary intake in people living beyond cancer

Dietary interventions for multiple sclerosis-related outcomes

Dietary interventions for preventing complications in idiopathic hypercalciuria

Dietary interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in children

Dietary marine fatty acids (fish oil) for asthma in adults and children

Dietary modifications for managing familial hypercholesterolaemia

Dietary patterns for adults with chronic kidney disease

Dietary supplements for chronic gout

Dietary supplements for established atopic eczema in adults and children

Dietary supplements for pain during menstruation

Dietary supplements for preventing postnatal depression

Dietary supplements for treating foot ulcers in people with diabetes

Diets for inducing and maintaining remission in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Different fluid therapy strategies for sepsis and septic shock

Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Dilute versus full-strength formula in exclusively formula-fed preterm or low birth weight infants

Do antioxidant supplements help people with sickle cell disease (unusually shaped red blood cells)?

Do antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements slow down the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?

Do burns patients who receive early (within 24 hours) nutritional support have better outcomes than those whose nutritional support is delayed (after 24 hours)?

Do calcium supplements during pregnancy improve the health of babies and mothers (omitting studies on high blood pressure)

Do calcium supplements help people with overweight or obesity lose weight?

Do diet and physical activity strategies help prevent obesity in children (aged 0 to 18 years)?

Do dietary and activity strategies help prevent obesity in children aged 5 to 11 years?

Do dietary and activity strategies help prevent obesity in children and young people aged 12 to 18 years?

Do different methods of nutritional support affect recovery and complications in adults after pancreaticoduodenectomy?

Do low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets help people with overweight or obesity to lose weight?

Do nutritional interventions reduce gastrointestinal toxicity in adults undergoing radical pelvic radiotherapy?

Do pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies reduce weight in obese women with subfertility?

Do probiotics help to treat acute infectious diarrhoea?

Do synbiotics prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants?

Do weight loss programs have beneficial effects on asthma outcomes in people with asthma?

Do weight-loss diets affect blood pressure, and reduce the effects of high blood pressure (hypertension)?

Does a tax on the fat content of foods reduce obesity and help people to eat less fat and less saturated fat?

Does adding fluoride to water supplies prevent tooth decay?

Does adding iron to wheat flour reduce anaemia and increase iron levels in the general population?

Does breastfeeding reduce vaccination pain in babies aged 1 to 12 months?

Does chewing gum after a caesarean section lead to quicker recovery of bowel function?

Does dietary fibre prevent the recurrence of colorectal adenomas and carcinomas?

Does donor human milk prevent severe bowel disorders in very preterm or very low-birthweight infants?

Does exposure to the smell and taste of milk accelerate feeding in tube-fed preterm infants?

Does giving money to people, in low- and middle-income countries, without conditions attached lead to better health and other life improvements?

Does giving patients carbohydrate supplements before planned surgery lead to improved recovery?

Does limiting the times you eat (intermittent fasting) prevent cardiovascular disease?

Does preconception lifestyle advice help people with infertility to have a baby?

Does reducing the amount of salt in a diet improve asthma symptoms?

Does reducing your salt intake help to prevent and treat chronic kidney disease in people with diabetes?

Does repair of torn rotator cuff tendons work?

Does routine monitoring of stomach aspirates (partially digested milk and gut hormones withdrawn from the feeding tube) avoid necrotising enterocolitis in premature babies?

Does supplementation of human milk with calcium and phosphorus improve growth and development in preterm infants?

Does taking a supplement of myo-inositol work as an effective treatment for women who develop diabetes during pregnancy?

Does taxation of unprocessed sugar or foods with added sugar reduce their consumption and prevent obesity or other adverse health outcomes?

Does the DASH diet help people with or at risk of cardiovascular diseases?New

Does the prescription of low-calorie (hypocaloric) nutrition support improve the recovery of critically-ill adult patients?

Does the timing and route of nutritional support have an effect on survival and disability in head-injured patients?

Does undernutrition increase the risk of tuberculosis?

Does using low-sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) instead of regular salt reduce blood pressure and heart disease risks, and is it safe?

Does vitamin D reduce risk of severe asthma attacks or improve control of asthma symptoms?

Does vitamin D supplementation benefit, harm, or have no effects on pregnant women or their babies?

Doubtful effect of lecithin as a treatment for dementia

Drug and nutritional treatment for McArdle disease

Drug-based and non-drug-based interventions to improve the bone mineral density in patients living with HIV

Earlier compared to later addition of human milk fortifier to human milk to promote growth in preterm infants

Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full-term infants

Early compared with delayed oral fluids and food after caesarean section

Early full enteral feeds for preterm or low birth weight infants

Early intravenous nutrition for the prevention of neonatal jaundice

Early introduction of lipids to parenterally-fed preterm infants

Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants

Early trophic feeding versus enteral fasting for very preterm or very low birth weight infants

Early versus delayed feeding through a tube for critically ill adults in intensive care, with or without extra nutrition into a vein

Early versus late intravenous nutrition in critically ill term and late preterm babies

Eating and drinking in labour

Eating nuts to prevent cardiovascular disease

Education for the management of cancer-related fatigue

Education of family members to support weaning to solids and nutrition in infants born preterm

Education programmes for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Educational interventions for improving complementary feeding practices

Effect of cocoa on blood pressure

Effect of cutting down on the saturated fat we eat on our risk of heart disease

Effect of cutting down the amount of fat on bodyweight in children

Effect of cutting down the fat we eat on body weight

Effect of lipid-based nutrient supplementation on infants and young children

Effect of restricted pacifier use on duration of breastfeeding in full-term infants

Effect of taurine supplementation on growth and development in preterm or low birth weight infants

Effect of the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus on the development of cognitive impairment and dementia

Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations

Effectiveness of creatine analogues in cardiac disease

Effects of a gluten-reduced or gluten-free diet for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease

Effects of daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy

Effects of involving parents and other adult caregivers in children's diet and physical activity interventions

Effects of lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) for women during pregnancy

Effects of nutritional interventions to increase nutritional status in children living in urban slums in low- and middle-income countries

Effects of oral stimulation for oral feeding in preterm infants

Effects of perioperative alcohol cessation interventions on postoperative complications following surgery

Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes

Effects of vitamin D on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under 5 years of age

Enhanced glucose control for preventing and treating diabetic neuropathy

Enhanced recovery protocols in people undergoing major surgeries of food pipe (oesophagus), stomach, liver and pancreas

Enteral iron supplementation in preterm and low birth weight infants

Enteral lactoferrin for the treatment of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates

Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants

Enteral nutrition (liquid feeds) for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease

Enteral nutritional therapy for treatment of active Crohn's disease

Enteral tube feeding for people with severe dementia

Enteral tube feeding in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also known as motor neuron disease

Enteral zinc supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm neonates

Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia

Experiences and perceptions of cash transfers for health

Extra calcium in tablets before pregnancy, or in early pregnancy, for preventing high blood pressure complications of pregnancy

Extra calcium to prevent high blood pressure

Extra fluids for breastfeeding mothers for increasing milk production

Falls interventions in multiple sclerosis

Fasting for haemostasis in children with gastrointestinal bleeding

Fat supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants

Feed thickener for infants up to six months of age with gastro-oesophageal reflux

Feeding by tube into the stomach or intestine versus feeding by mouth for children with cerebral palsy

Feeding interventions for growth and development in infants with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate

Feeding support in hospitalised adults at risk of undernourishment

Fermented milk for hypertension

Fish oil (n-3 or omega-3) for pregnant mothers or breastfeeding mothers to prevent allergies in their young children

Fish oil for kidney transplant recipients

Fish oil for preventing blockage of haemodialysis vascular access in patients with kidney failure

Fish oil for the treatment of active ulcerative colitis

Fish oils for the prevention of dementia in older people

Flavonoids for treating venous leg ulcers

Fluid restriction as a treatment for preterm infants developing chronic lung disease

Fluids for people with acute bacterial meningitis

Fluids for people with stroke

Fluoridated milk for preventing tooth decay

Fluoride can increase bone mineral density at the lumbar spine, it does not reduce vertebral fractures.

Fluoride supplementation (with tablets, drops, lozenges or chewing gum) in pregnant women for preventing dental caries in the primary teeth of their children

Fluoride supplements (tablets, drops, lozenges or chewing gums) for preventing tooth decay in children

Folate for depression

Folate supplementation in people with sickle cell disease

Folic acid for fragile X syndrome

Folic acid or folinic acid for reducing side effects of methotrexate for people with rheumatoid arthritis

Folic acid supplementation in pregnancy

Folic acid supplements before conception and in early pregnancy (up to 12 weeks) for the prevention of birth defects

Food-based oral rehydration solution for acute diarrhoea

Formula versus maternal breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants

Formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease in infants

Fortification of maize flour with iron for preventing anaemia and iron deficiency

Fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals for addressing micronutrient malnutrition

Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency

G. lucidum (Reishi mushroom) for cancer treatment

Garlic for Hypertension

Garlic for peripheral arterial occlusive disease affecting the legs

Garlic for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Garlic for the common cold

Giving additional fluid to newborn infants having phototherapy for serious jaundice

Giving glutamine supplements to critically ill adults

Giving intravenous nutrients to adults during surgery to prevent hypothermia

Giving iron supplements to improve outcomes in children with HIV/AIDS

Giving less oral or intravenous fluid to newborn infants with breathing difficulty (transient tachypnea of the newborn)

Glucosamine for osteoarthritis

Glucose-lowering agents for treating pre-existing and new-onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients

Glutamine for treatment of active Crohn's disease

Glutamine supplementation for young infants with severe gastrointestinal disease

Glutamine supplementation to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Green and black tea to prevent cardiovascular disease

Green tea for the prevention of cancer

Green tea for weight loss and weight maintenance in overweight or obese adults

Growth factor-supplemented culture media for women undergoing assisted reproduction

Growth monitoring in children

Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes

Healthy weight interventions for improving thinking skills and school performance in children and teenagers with obesity

High versus low medium chain triglyceride content of formula for promoting short-term growth of preterm infants

High versus standard volume feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants

High-carbohydrate, high-protein, low-fat tube feeds versus low-carbohydrate, high-protein, high-fat tube feeds for patients with severe burns

Higher versus lower amino acid intake in parenteral nutrition for newborn infants

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula-fed low birth weight infants

Higher-protein formula versus lower-protein formula: which works better to prevent malnutrition and obesity in infants?

Home parenteral nutrition for people with bowel obstruction caused by cancer

Homocysteine lowering interventions for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and bypass grafts

Homocysteine-lowering interventions (B-complex vitamin therapy) for preventing cardiovascular events

Honey and lozenges for children with non-specific cough

Honey for acute cough in children

How accurate are tests to measure the level of ferritin (a protein that stores iron) in the blood at diagnosing iron deficiency and overload?

How do vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, selenium and glutathione affect lung disease in people with cystic fibrosis?

How effective are non-drug treatments used to prevent attacks of vestibular migraine?

How successful are healthy eating programmes in preschools, kindergartens and childcare settings?

Human growth hormone and glutamine for patients with short bowel syndrome

Human milk-derived fortifier in preterm infants fed with all breast milk

Immunonutrition as an adjuvant therapy for burns

Immunonutrition for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults

Immunonutrition for patients undergoing surgery for head and neck cancer

Impact of food fortification with multiple micronutrients on health

Improving access to food in low- and middle-income countries

Improving the implementation of health-promoting policies and practices in workplaces

Improving the implementation of healthy eating, physical activity and obesity prevention policies, practices or programmes in childcare services

Improving the implementation of school-based policies and practices to improve student health

Increased energy intake for preterm infants with (or developing) bronchopulmonary dysplasia/ chronic lung disease

Increased fruit and vegetable intake to prevent cardiovascular disease

Increased salt in solution to maintain fluid during surgery

Increased water intake for preventing urinary stones

Individual patient education for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk

Inositol for depression

Inositol for women with a diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome and subfertility

Inositol in preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome

Inpatient hospital care compared to outpatient or day care for people with eating disorders

Instruments for assessing readiness to commence suck feeds in preterm infants

Insufficient evidence of the efficacy of thiamine for people with Alzheimer's disease

Integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) strategy for children younger than five years of age

Interactive computer-based interventions for weight loss or weight maintenance in overweight or obese people

Intermittent regimens of iron supplementation during pregnancy

Internet-based programmes for people with heart disease

Interventions for encouraging women to start breastfeeding

Interventions for growth failure in childhood Crohn's disease

Interventions for heartburn in pregnancy

Interventions for ketosis during labour

Interventions for leg cramps during pregnancy

Interventions for lowering plasma homocysteine levels in dialysis patients

Interventions for lowering plasma homocysteine levels in kidney transplant recipients

Interventions for metabolic bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease

Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy

Interventions for preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients

Interventions for preventing constipation after giving birth

Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation

Interventions for swallowing difficulty in children with neurological impairment

Interventions for the prevention of mastitis following childbirth

Interventions for the prevention of nutritional rickets in term born children

Interventions for the prevention of persistent smell disorders (olfactory dysfunction) after COVID-19 infection

Interventions for the treatment of persistent smell disorders (olfactory dysfunction) after COVID-19 infection

Interventions for the uptake of evidence-based recommendations in acute stroke settings

Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome

Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy

Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women

Interventions for treating severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (hyperemesis gravidarum)

Interventions in the management of serum lipids for preventing stroke recurrence

Interventions in the workplace to support breastfeeding for women in employment

Interventions throughout life for the prevention or treatment of anaemia

Interventions to change diet in a dental care environment

Interventions to enhance adherence to dietary advice for preventing and managing chronic diseases in adults

Interventions to improve water quality and prevent diarrhoea

Interventions to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene for preventing soil-transmitted helminth infection

Interventions to prevent or reduce kidney complications in people with sickle cell disease

Interventions to prevent women from developing diabetes during pregnancy: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews

Interventions to reduce digestive side effects of pelvic x-ray treatment

Interventions to reduce weight gain in schizophrenia

Interventions to support women who are overweight or obese to start and continue breastfeeding

Interventions with pregnant women, new mothers and other primary caregivers for preventing tooth decay in young children

Intravenous fluids compared to nasogastric or orogastric tube hydration for children hospitalised with bronchiolitis

Intravenous iron for the treatment of non-anaemic iron deficiency in adults

Iodine supplementation for the prevention of mortality and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants

Iodine supplementation for women before, during or after pregnancy

Iodised salt for preventing iodine deficiency disorders

Iron for the treatment of restless legs syndrome

Iron supplementation for the treatment of breath-holding attacks in children

Iron supplementation taken daily for improving health in menstruating women

Iron supplements for children living in malaria-endemic countries

Iron supplements taken one, two or three times a week for preventing anaemia, and its consequences in menstruating women

Iron therapy for improving physical and intellectual development in children under the age of three who are anaemic due to a lack of iron

Iron treatment for adults and children with reduced kidney function

Iron treatment for low red blood cell count prior to surgery

Iron treatment in adults without kidney disease

Is alpha-lipoic acid (a natural antioxidant) better than no treatment or dummy treatment for nerve damage in people with diabetes?

Is changing dietary fat intake beneficial or harmful for people with gallstones?

Is it better to eat food early or wait for at least 24 hours after major gynaecologic surgery?

Is L-acetylcarnitine an effective treatment for fragile X syndrome?

Is limiting the amount of fluid given to adults during surgery as good as using haemodynamic monitoring, which continuously measures changes in blood pressure or speed of blood flow inside the arteries, to guide fluid administration?

Is magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth better than placebo for protecting their babies' brains?

Is omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation better than a placebo for treating depression among children and adolescents?

Is supplemental nutrition before surgery better than a regular diet for people having surgery on the digestive system?

Is vitamin D an effective and safe addition to antibiotics for treating children with acute pneumonia?

Is vitamin D an effective and safe treatment for COVID-19?

Is zinc supplementation effective for preventing death and disease, and for promoting growth, in children aged 6 months to 12 years and does it cause unwanted effects?

Isoflavones for hypercholesterolaemia

Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants

Ketogenic diets for drug-resistant epilepsy

L-carnitine for cognitive enhancement in people without cognitive impairment

Lactase treated feeds to promote growth and feeding tolerance in preterm infants

Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis

Lifestyle interventions for chronic gout

Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults

Lifestyle interventions for treating acute gout attacks

Lifestyle interventions for treating women with gestational diabetes (or diabetes in pregnancy)

Lifestyle modification strategies for managing obstructive sleep apnoea

Lifestyle modifications for people with nonalcohol-related fatty liver disease

Lipid-lowering for peripheral arterial disease of the lower limb

Live micro-organisms for prevention or treatment of diarrhoea in people with cancer who are treated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy

Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants born at term

Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements for mothers who breastfeed

Long-term non-pharmacological weight loss interventions for adults with prediabetes

Long-term non-pharmacological weight loss interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Longchain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in preterm infants

Low bacterial diet versus control diet to prevent infection in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy causing episodes of neutropenia

Low glycaemic index diets for cardiovascular disease

Low glycaemic index, or low glycaemic load, diets for diabetes mellitus

Low levels of sugar to prevent cardiovascular disease

Low protein diets for adults with diabetic kidney disease

Low protein diets for non-diabetic adults with chronic kidney disease

Low-carbohydrate diets or balanced-carbohydrate diets: which works better for weight loss and heart disease risks?

Low-fat diets for acquired hypercholesterolaemia

Lycopene for the prevention of prostate cancer

Magnesium for acute traumatic brain injury

Magnesium for muscle cramps

Magnesium for the prevention or treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in adults

Magnesium for treating sickle cell disease

Magnesium sulphate for treating children up to two years old with bronchiolitis

Management of intractable constipation in children

Management of pregnant women with borderline gestational diabetes mellitus

Managing symptoms in motor neuron disease

Marine-derived fatty acid therapy for stroke

Maternal colostrum provided into the mouth of preterm babies to prevent complications and improve outcomes

Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child

Maternal glucose administration for facilitating tests of fetal wellbeing

Maternal nutrient supplementation for suspected impaired fetal growth

Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Medical and dietary interventions for preventing recurrent urinary stones in children

Medical treatments for eosinophilic esophagitis

Medically assisted hydration to assist palliative care patients

Medically assisted nutrition to assist palliative care patients

Mediterranean-style diet for the prevention of cardiovascular disease

Metabolomics for improving pregnancy outcomes

Methods of milk expression for lactating women

mHealth-delivered education interventions in heart failure, using smartphone, tablet and internet-based programmes and apps

Micronutrient supplementation for children with HIV infection

Micronutrient supplements for non-pregnant adults with HIV infection

Modest salt reduction lowers blood pressure in all ethnic groups at all levels of blood pressure without adverse consequences

Modifying the consistency of food and fluids for swallowing difficulties in dementia

Momordica charantia for type 2 diabetes mellitus

Mono and multifaceted allergen reducing interventions for the primary prevention of asthma in children at high risk of developing asthma

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) avoidance for chronic asthma in adults and children

Multi-nutrient fortification of breast milk for preterm infants

Multicomponent fortification of human breast milk for preterm infants following hospital discharge

Multiple micronutrient supplementation for breastfeeding women for improving outcomes for the mother and her baby

Multiple risk factor interventions for coronary heart disease

Nasal versus oral route for placing feeding tubes in preterm or low birth weight infants

Nasogastric tubes versus nasojejunal tube for feeding people with severe acute pancreatitis

National government initiatives to reduce salt intake in populations

Neonatal vitamin A supplementation for prevention of mortality and morbidity among term neonates in low and middle income countries

Newborn screening for homocystinuria

Newer alternative fat emulsions versus the conventional pure soybean oil based fat emulsions for intravenous nutrition in preterm infants.

Niacin for people with or without established cardiovascular disease

No evidence of benefit from vitamin B6 supplementation on mood or cognition of older people with normal vitamin B6 status or with vitamin B6 deficiency

No evidence of benefit of Acetyl-l-carnitine for dementia

No evidence of efficacy of alpha lipoic acid for dementia

No evidence of the efficacy of vitamin B12 supplementation for cognitive function

No evidence that folic acid with or without vitamin B12 improves cognitive function of unselected elderly people with or without dementia. Long-term supplementation may benefit cognitive function of healthy older people with high homocysteine levels

No evidence to support or refute antioxidant supplements for patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and/or steatohepatitis

No evidence to support or refute probiotics for patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and/or steatohepatitis

Non-nutritive sucking for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in preterm and low birth weight infants

Non-nutritive sucking for increasing physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants

Non-pharmacological interventions for people with epilepsy and intellectual disabilities

Nutrient-enriched formula for preterm infants

Nutrient-enriched formula milk versus human breast milk for preterm infants following hospital discharge

Nutrient-enriched formula versus standard term formula for preterm infants following hospital discharge

Nutrition education to support weaning of term-born infants

Nutrition for critically ill children in paediatric intensive care units

Nutrition support for people having an operation for bladder cancer

Nutritional advice for improving outcomes in multiple pregnancies

Nutritional interventions for liver transplanted patients

Nutritional interventions for reducing morbidity and mortality in people with HIV

Nutritional interventions for survivors of childhood cancer

Nutritional labelling to promote healthier consumption and purchasing of food or drinks

Nutritional screening for improving patient care and professional practice

Nutritional supplementation for older people after hip fracture

Nutritional supplementation for people with non-alcohol-related fatty liver disease

Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Nutritional supplements for patients who are being treated for active visceral leishmaniasis

Nutritional supplements for people being treated for active tuberculosis

Nutritional support for acute kidney injury

Nutritional support for adults with swallowing difficulties

Nutritional support for patients with liver disease

Nutritional support in children and young people with cancer undergoing chemotherapy

Nutritional support, through the intestine (enteral) versus by injection (parenteral) for people with acute pancreatitis

Nutritional therapy for reducing disability and improving activities of daily living in people after stroke

Omega 3 fatty acids (fish oil) for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease

Omega 3 fatty acids for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis

Omega 3 fatty acids for preventing and slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration

Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements for dry eye disease

Omega-3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy

Omega-3 fatty acids for autism spectrum disorders (ASD)

Omega-3 fatty acids for bipolar disorder

Omega-3 fatty acids for depression in adults

Omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of dementia

Omega-3 intake for cardiovascular disease

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for type 2 diabetes mellitus

Omega-6 fats to prevent and treat heart and circulatory diseases

One, two or three times a week iron supplements for improving health and development among children under 12 years of age

Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding

Oral and sublingual immunotherapy (giving people small amounts of things they are allergic to via their mouth or under their tongue) for fruit allergy

Oral dextrose gel for prevention of low blood glucose levels in newborn babies

Oral dextrose gel for the treatment of newborn infants with low blood glucose levels

Oral magnesium supplementation for high blood pressure in adults

Oral potassium supplementation for high blood pressure in adults

Oral protein-based nutritional supplement in people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis

Oral rehydration salt solutions for treating cholera: lower salt content versus higher salt content solutions

Oral vitamin A supplements to prevent acute upper respiratory tract infections in children up to seven years of age

Oral vitamin B12 compared with intramuscular vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency

Oral zinc for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates

Oral zinc supplementation for treating diarrhoea in children

Oral zinc supplements for treating leg ulcers

Parent training programmes for managing infantile (baby) colic

Parent-only interventions for childhood overweight or obesity in children aged 5 to 11 years

Parenteral calcium for intensive care unit patients

Patterns of breastfeeding, according to the baby or according to the clock

Percutaneous central venous catheters versus peripheral cannulae for delivery of parenteral nutrition in neonates

Periodic measurement of the containment volume of the stomach during tube feeding

Pharmacological treatments for Friedreich ataxia

Phytoestrogens for vasomotor menopausal symptoms

Policy interventions implemented through sporting organisations to promote healthy behaviour change

Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for drug-resistant epilepsy

Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for schizophrenia

Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) supplements for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for children with specific learning disorders

Polyunsaturated fatty acids for prevention and treatment of diseases of the heart and circulation

Portion, package or tableware size for changing selection and consumption of food, alcohol and tobacco

Post-pyloric versus gastric tube feeding for critically ill adult patients

Powdered vitamins and minerals added to foods at the point-of-use reduces anaemia and iron deficiency in preschool- and school-age children

Powders of iron plus other micronutrients for home (point-of-use) fortification of foods consumed by pregnant women

Prebiotics (dietary fibre), probiotics (good bacteria) or synbiotics (prebiotics plus probiotics) for people with chronic kidney disease

Prebiotics for people with cystic fibrosis

Prebiotics for preventing necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants

Prebiotics for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates

Prebiotics for treatment of ulcerative colitis

Prebiotics in infants for prevention of allergic disease and food allergy

Preconception health programs and interventions for women who are overweight or obese to improve pregnancy outcomes for the woman and her infant

Preoperative fasting for adults to prevent perioperative complications

Preoperative fasting for children to prevent complications during surgery

Preventing eating disorders in children and adolescents

Prevention of dementia and decline in cognition by using multi-domain interventions

Prevention of diarrhoea in children with HIV infection or who were born to an HIV-infected mother

Probiotics ('healthy bacteria') for preventing acute middle ear infection in children

Probiotics as an added treatment for gestational diabetes to improve mother and baby outcomes

Probiotics for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease

Probiotics for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis

Probiotics for people with cystic fibrosis

Probiotics for people with hepatic encephalopathy

Probiotics for persistent diarrhoea in children

Probiotics for preventing preterm labour

Probiotics for preventing urinary tract infections in adults and children

Probiotics for preventing urinary tract infections in people with bladder dysfunction after a nervous system injury

Probiotics for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia

Probiotics for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants

Probiotics for the management of functional abdominal pain disorders in children

Probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children

Probiotics for the treatment of active Crohn's disease

Probiotics for the treatment of active ulcerative colitis

Probiotics for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis

Probiotics for treating eczema

Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children

Probiotics for treatment of Clostridium difficile -associated colitis in adults

Probiotics for vulvovaginal candidiasis in non-pregnant women

Probiotics in infants for prevention of allergic disease and food hypersensitivity

Probiotics to prevent gestational diabetes mellitus

Probiotics to prevent infantile colic

Programmes based in primary schools designed to help prevent tooth decay by changing children's behaviour

Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates

Prophylactic vitamin K for vitamin K deficiency bleeding in neonates

Propionyl-L-carnitine for intermittent claudication

Protein and energy supplementation in elderly people at risk from malnutrition

Protein hydrolysate versus standard formula for preterm infants

Protein restriction for children with chronic kidney disease

Protein restriction for diabetic renal disease

Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants

Providing extra food for children under five years of age in low and middle income countries

Providing folic acid to reduce arsenic toxicity in arsenic-exposed children and adults

Psychological and educational interventions to reduce alcohol consumption by pregnant women

Push versus gravity for intermittent bolus gavage tube feeding of preterm and low birth weight infants

Pyridoxal 5 phosphate for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia.

Re-feeding versus discarding gastric residuals to improve growth in preterm infants

Ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) as home-based treatment for severely malnourished children between six months and five years

Reduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease

Reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution for treating dehydration caused by acute diarrhoea in children

Reduced salt intake compared to normal dietary salt, or high intake, in pregnancy

Reducing aflatoxin intake with agricultural and nutritional education to improve growth of infants and children in low- and middle-income countries

Reducing nausea and vomiting in women having a caesarean birth with regional anaesthesia

Regimens of vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy

Reintroducing a normal diet following acute diarrhoea

Responsive feeding versus scheduled feeding for preterm infants

Restricted versus liberal water intake for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Resveratrol for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Retinoic acid after intensive chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation in people with high-risk neuroblastoma

Rooming-in for new mother and infant versus separate care for increasing duration of breastfeeding

School feeding for improving the physical and psychosocial health of disadvantaged schoolchildren

Screening newborn babies for galactosaemia

Screening women for gestational diabetes in pregnancy based on whether they are considered at risk, and in different settings

Selenium for preventing cancer

Selenium supplementation for asthma

Selenium supplementation to prevent short-term morbidity in preterm neonates

Selenium supplements for adults who are critically ill

Selenium supplements for alleviating the side effects of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery in cancer patients

Selenium supplements for the prevention of cardiovascular disease

Self management interventions for type 2 diabetes in adults with severe mental illness

Self management programmes for people living with the long-term effects of stroke

Short versus long feeding interval for bolus feedings in very preterm infants

Slowly advancing milk feeds to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants

Smartphone apps for people with overweight or obesity

Soy formula for prevention of allergy and food intolerance in infants

Specially formulated foods for treating children with moderate acute malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries

Still waiting for evidence about whether cranberries are useful for treating urinary tract infections

Stopping feeds for prevention of transfusion-associated necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants

Sucrose for analgesia (pain relief) in newborn infants undergoing heel lance

Sucrose for analgesia (pain relief) in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures

Supplementary feeding for children aged three months to five years: does it work to improve their health and well-being?

Supplementary feeding for groups of people that are food insecure, vulnerable and malnourished

Supplementary vitamin E, selenium, cysteine and riboflavin for preventing kwashiorkor in preschool children in developing countries

Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies

Support for breastfeeding mothers

Supportive interventions for improving dietary intake in nutritionally vulnerable groups

Swallowing therapy for difficulties with swallowing in stroke survivors who have had a recent stroke

Sweet potato for type 2 diabetes mellitus

Synbiotics, prebiotics (dietary fibre) or probiotics (good bacteria) for people with a solid organ transplant

Systematic review of lipid emulsions for intravenous nutrition in preterm infants.

Systematic review of lipid emulsions for intravenous nutrition in term and late preterm infants.

Taking myo-inositol as a dietary supplement during pregnancy to prevent the development of gestational diabetes

Targeted mass media interventions to encourage healthier behaviours in adult, ethnic minorities

Tartrazine exclusion for allergic asthma

The addition of vitamin K to improve anticoagulation stability for patients starting or already on warfarin

The effect of a healthy lifestyle for women with polycystic ovary syndrome

The effect of a low salt diet on blood pressure and some hormones and lipids in people with normal and elevated blood pressure

The effect of caffeine in people with asthma

The effect of diets on rheumatoid arthritis

The effect of having nutrition within the first 24 hours after bowel surgery on length of hospital stay and postoperative complications

The effect of interventions to improve water quality and supply, provide sanitation and promote handwashing with soap on physical growth in children

The effect of removing or reducing lactose from milk in young children with acute diarrhoea

The effects of fortification of common foods with zinc on health outcomes

The effects of fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid on population health outcomes

The effects of iron supplementation on iron deficiency and deferral in blood donors

The impact of growth monitoring and promotion in children under five years of age in low- and middle-income countries

The impact of protein substitute on the nutrition status, growth, and neuropsychological performance of children and adults with phenylketonuria

The long term effects of advice to cut down on salt in food on deaths, cardiovascular disease and blood pressure in adults

The role of iron in the management of chemotherapy-induced anemia in cancer patients receiving erythropoiesis-stimulating agents

The use of erythropoietin plus iron to correct anaemia before surgery to reduce the risk of blood transfusion

The use of omega-3 supplements in people with cystic fibrosis

The use of oral protein calorie supplements in children with chronic disease

The use of probiotics to prevent Clostridium difficile diarrhea associated with antibiotic use

The use of probiotics to prevent Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis

The use of regular vitamin A or vitamin A-like preparations for children and adults with cystic fibrosis

The use of regular vitamin D preparations for children and adults with cystic fibrosis

The use of vitamin E in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (AD)

The WHO Health Promoting School framework for improving the health and well-being of students and their academic achievement

Therapies for treating iron deficiency anaemia in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis

Therapies for treating pain in ulcerative colitis

There is insufficient evidence for the use of carbohydrates to improve cognitive performance in older adults with normal or mild cognitive impairment

There is insufficient evidence to suggest that enteral tube feeding is beneficial in patients with advanced dementia. Data are lacking on the adverse effects of this intervention

There is not enough high quality evidence to show that dietary magnesium supplementation during pregnancy is beneficial

Thiamine for prevention and treatment of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in people who abuse alcohol

Transpyloric versus gastric tube feeding for preterm infants

Treatment for anemia in people with AIDS

Treatment for breast engorgement (overfull, hard, painful breasts) in breastfeeding women

Treatment for swallowing difficulties in hereditary ataxia

Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia

Treatment of osteoporosis in people with beta-thalassaemia

Treatments for anaemia in pregnancy thought to be due to iron deficiency

Treatments for breast abscesses in breastfeeding women

Treatments for gestational diabetes

Treatments for leg ulcers in people with sickle cell disease

Treatments for stomach pain in Crohn's disease

Treatments to improve pregnancy outcomes for women who develop diabetes during pregnancy: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews

Treatments to prevent and treat thinning of bones and prevent fractures caused by corticosteroids in Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Treatments to reduce alcohol use during pregnancy

Trials of interventions for pregnant women who are obese to lose weight and improve pregnancy outcomes.

Tryptophan and 5-Hydroxytryptophan for depression

Tube feeding (mainly via the nose into the stomach or directly into the stomach) in people with cystic fibrosis

Tube feeding in patients with acute pancreatitis

Unconditional cash transfers in disasters: effect on use of health services and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries

Use of calcium during exchange blood transfusion for newborn infants

Use of oral supplements to increase calorie intake in people with cystic fibrosis

Use of treatments to dislodge soft foods stuck between the throat and the stomach to try to avoid the need for an endoscopy

Use of vitamin A and fish oils for retinitis pigmentosa

Using a vitamin and mineral powder, mixed into complementary foods, to improve health and nutrition in children under two years of age

Using an omega-3 fatty acid made from fish oils to treat cancer related weight loss

Using computers to self-manage type 2 diabetes

Using diet to manage phenylketonuria

Vegan diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease

Vitamin A for measles in children

Vitamin A for non-measles pneumonia in children

Vitamin A for preventing acute lower respiratory tract infections in children up to seven years of age

Vitamin A for preventing blindness in children with measles

Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and newborn health outcomes

Vitamin A supplementation for infants one to six months of age for preventing death and illnesses

Vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women

Vitamin A supplementation for preventing disease and death in children aged six months to five years

Vitamin A supplementation to prevent deaths and short- and long-term illness in very low birth weight infants

Vitamin A supplements for reducing mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection

Vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing cognitive deterioration in cognitively healthy people in mid and late life

Vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with mild cognitive impairment

Vitamin and mineral supplements for women during pregnancy

Vitamin B and its derivatives for diabetic kidney disease

Vitamin B for treating disorders of the peripheral nerves

Vitamin B12 supplementation for women during pregnancy

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) supplementation in pregnancy or labour for maternal and neonatal outcomes

Vitamin B6 and magnesium in combination for children with autism spectrum disorder

Vitamin C and superoxide dismutase (SOD) for diabetic retinopathy

Vitamin C for asthma and exercise-induced breathlessness

Vitamin C for Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease (hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy)

Vitamin C for preventing and treating pneumonia

Vitamin C for preventing and treating tetanus

Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold

Vitamin C supplementation for prevention and treatment of pneumonia

Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy

Vitamin C supplementation to prevent cardiovascular disease

Vitamin D and related vitamin D compounds for preventing fractures resulting from osteoporosis in older people

Vitamin D compounds for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis

Vitamin D compounds for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis

Vitamin D for improving bone density in children

Vitamin D for the management of multiple sclerosis

Vitamin D for the treatment of chronic painful conditions in adults

Vitamin D for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Vitamin D supplementation for chronic liver diseases

Vitamin D supplementation for preventing infections in children under five

Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of cancer in adults

Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults

Vitamin D supplementation for sickle cell disease

Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health

Vitamin D, calcium or a combination of vitamin D and calcium for the treatment of nutritional rickets in children

Vitamin E for antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia

Vitamin E for intermittent claudication

Vitamin E supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Vitamin E supplementation in people with cystic fibrosis

Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy

Vitamin K for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people with acute or chronic liver diseases

Vitamin K prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage

Vitamin K supplementation for cystic fibrosis

Vitamin K supplementation to prevent cardiovascular disease

Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage

Vitamins and minerals for subfertility in women

Vitamins C and E for asthma and exercise-induced breathlessness

Vitamins for epilepsy

Ways to help pregnant women avoid preterm birth

Weight loss interventions for people with chronic kidney disease who are overweight or obese

Weight loss programmes for overweight and obese breast cancer survivors: what are their benefits and harms, and do they help survivors to live longer?

Weight reduction for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Weight reduction for primary prevention of stroke in adults with overweight or obesity

Weight-loss interventions in endometrial cancer survivors

What are the advantages and disadvantages of restricting fluids in babies who are born premature and with a patent ductus arteriosus?

What are the benefits and harms of interventions to increase eating of fruit and vegetables among children aged five years and under?

What are the benefits and risks of different lifestyle and dietary changes for Ménière's disease?

What are the benefits and risks of early discharge with home support of tube feeding for stable preterm babies who have not established full breast or bottle (all suck) feeds?Updated

What are the benefits and risks of giving amino acids early to babies who were born before 37 weeks of pregnancy?

What are the benefits and risks of giving lactoferrin to full-term babies who had digestive tract surgery?

What are the benefits and risks of omega-3 fatty acids for a limp due to blood restriction (intermittent claudication)?

What are the benefits and risks of vitamin D supplementation for adults with obesity undergoing weight-loss surgery?

What are the benefits and risks of vitamin E for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?

What are the effects of treatment for women with iron deficiency anaemia after childbirth?

What are the most accurate tests for diagnosing low vitamin A?New

What are the most effective interventions during pregnancy for preventing stillbirth?

What evidence is there that care bundles improve outcomes for patients with COVID-19 in the intensive care setting?

What is the best treatment for itch in people with chronic kidney disease?

Which combinations of medicines are best for the prevention and treatment of anaemia in people with cancer?

Which diets or supplements are most effective for preventing and treating pressure ulcers and do they cause unwanted effects?

Whole grain cereals for cardiovascular disease

Whole grain foods for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Xylitol sugar supplement for preventing middle ear infection in children up to 12 years of age

Zinc for the prevention and treatment of the common cold

Zinc supplementation as an adjunct to antibiotics in the treatment of pneumonia in children two to 59 months of age

Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome

Zinc supplementation for improving the health and survival of infants less than six months old

Zinc supplementation for mental and motor development in children

Zinc supplementation for the prevention of pneumonia in children aged two to 59 months

Zinc supplementation for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Zinc supplementation for the treatment of measles in children

Zinc supplements for preventing middle ear infections

Zinc supplements for thalassaemia and sickle cell disease

Zinc supplements for tinnitus

[Telephone interventions for providing education and psychosocial support to caregivers]

Cochrane Nutrition Reviews